pybind11: C++ 工程提供 Python 接口的實(shí)例代碼
C/C++ 工程提供 Python 接口,有利于融合進(jìn) Python 的生態(tài)。現(xiàn)在 Python 在應(yīng)用層,有其得天獨(dú)厚的優(yōu)勢。尤其因?yàn)槿斯ぶ悄芎痛髷?shù)據(jù)的推波助瀾, Python 現(xiàn)在以及未來,將長期是最流行的語言之一。
那 C/C++ 怎么提供 Python 接口呢?
ctypes: C 與 Python 綁定, Python 內(nèi)建模塊 Boost.Python: C++ 與 Python 綁定, Boost 模塊 pybind11: C++11 與 Python 綁定, 減去了舊 C++ 支持,更輕量化本文將介紹 pybind11 的環(huán)境準(zhǔn)備與入門使用。
pybind11: https://github.com/pybind/pybind11
環(huán)境準(zhǔn)備
pybind11 是一個 header-only 的庫,換句話說,只需要 C++ 項(xiàng)目里直接 include pybind11 的頭文件就能使用。
這里則介紹如何于 CMake 里引入 pybind11 。而更多編譯系統(tǒng)的介紹,可見官方文檔 Build systems 。
獲取 pybind11
可以 git submodule 添加子模塊,最好固定為某個版本:
git submodule add https://github.com/pybind/pybind11.git third_party/pybind11-2.5.0cd third_party/pybind11-2.5.0/git checkout tags/v2.5.0
或者,直接獲取源碼,放進(jìn)相應(yīng)子目錄即可。
添加進(jìn) CMake
CMakeLists.txt 里 add_subdirectory pybind11 的路徑,再用其提供的 pybind11_add_module 就能創(chuàng)建 pybind11 的模塊了。
cmake_minimum_required(VERSION 3.1)project(start-pybind11 VERSION 0.1.0 LANGUAGES C CXX)set(MY_PYBIND ${MY_CURR}/third_party/pybind11-2.5.0)add_subdirectory(${MY_PYBIND})pybind11_add_module(example_pb example_pb.cpp)
如果想在已有 C++ 動態(tài)庫上擴(kuò)展 pybind11 綁定,那么 target_link_libraries 鏈接該動態(tài)庫就可以了。
target_link_libraries(example_pb PUBLIC example)
綁定一個函數(shù)
我們先實(shí)現(xiàn)一個 add 函數(shù),
int add(int i, int j) { return i + j;}
為了簡化工程,可以直接實(shí)現(xiàn)在 example_pb.cpp 里,
#include <pybind11/pybind11.h>namespace py = pybind11;int add(int i, int j) { return i + j;}PYBIND11_MODULE(example_pb, m) { m.doc() = 'example_pb bindings'; m.def('add', &add, 'A function which adds two numbers');}
之后,于 CMakeLists.txt 所在目錄,執(zhí)行 cmake 編譯就完成了。
示例代碼
first_steps.h first_steps.cc first_steps_pb.cc綁定一個類
我們先實(shí)現(xiàn)一個定時觸發(fā)器的類。使用如下:
#include <iostream>#include 'tick.h'int main(int argc, char const *argv[]) { (void)argc; (void)argv; Tick tick(500, 5000); tick.SetTickEvent([&tick](std::int64_t elapsed_ms) { std::cout << 'elapsed: ' << elapsed_ms << ' ms' << std::endl; if (elapsed_ms >= 2000) { tick.Stop(); } }); tick.Start(); tick.WaitLifeOver(); return 0;}
運(yùn)行結(jié)果:
$ ./_output/bin/cpp_thread_callback/tick_testelapsed: 0 mselapsed: 500 mselapsed: 1000 mselapsed: 1500 mselapsed: 2000 ms
該類的聲明如下:
using TickEvent = std::function<void(std::int64_t elapsed_ms)>;using TickRunCallback = std::function<void()>;class Tick { public: using clock = std::chrono::high_resolution_clock; Tick(std::int64_t tick_ms, std::int64_t life_ms = std::numeric_limits<std::int64_t>::max()); Tick(TickEvent tick_event, std::int64_t tick_ms, std::int64_t life_ms = std::numeric_limits<std::int64_t>::max(), TickRunCallback run_beg = nullptr, TickRunCallback run_end = nullptr); virtual ~Tick(); bool IsRunning() const; void Start(); void Stop(bool wait_life_over = false); const std::chrono::time_point<clock> &GetTimeStart() const; void SetTickEvent(TickEvent &&tick_event); void SetTickEvent(const TickEvent &tick_event); void SetRunBegCallback(TickRunCallback &&run_beg); void SetRunBegCallback(const TickRunCallback &run_beg); void SetRunEndCallback(TickRunCallback &&run_end); void SetRunEndCallback(const TickRunCallback &run_end); void WaitLifeOver(); protected: // ...};
然后, pybind11 綁定實(shí)現(xiàn)如下:
#include <pybind11/pybind11.h>#include <pybind11/chrono.h>#include <pybind11/functional.h>#include <memory>#include 'cpp/cpp_thread_callback/tick.h'namespace py = pybind11;using namespace pybind11::literals; // NOLINTPYBIND11_MODULE(tick_pb, m) { m.doc() = 'tick_pb bindings'; py::class_<Tick, std::shared_ptr<Tick>>(m, 'Tick') .def(py::init<std::int64_t, std::int64_t>()) .def(py::init<TickEvent, std::int64_t, std::int64_t, TickRunCallback, TickRunCallback>()) .def_property_readonly('is_running', &Tick::IsRunning) .def('start', &Tick::Start) .def('stop', &Tick::Stop, 'wait_life_over'_a = false) .def('get_time_start', &Tick::GetTimeStart) .def('set_tick_event', [](Tick &self, const TickEvent &tick_event) { self.SetTickEvent(tick_event); }) .def('set_run_beg_callback', [](Tick &self, const TickRunCallback &run_beg) { self.SetRunBegCallback(run_beg); }) .def('set_run_end_callback', [](Tick &self, const TickRunCallback &run_end) { self.SetRunEndCallback(run_end); }) .def('wait_life_over', &Tick::WaitLifeOver, py::call_guard<py::gil_scoped_release>());}
編譯出動態(tài)庫后,把路徑添加進(jìn) PYTHONPATH:
export PYTHONPATH=<path>:$PYTHONPATH# 依賴其他動態(tài)庫的話,把路徑添加進(jìn) LIBRARY_PATH# Linuxexport LD_LIBRARY_PATH=<path>:$LD_LIBRARY_PATH# macOSexport DYLD_LIBRARY_PATH=<path>:$DYLD_LIBRARY_PATH
之后,就可以于 Python 里調(diào)用了:
#!/usr/bin/env python# -*- coding: utf-8 -*-# pylint: disable=missing-docstring, import-errorimport tick_pb as tickdef _main(): t = tick.Tick(lambda elapsed_ms: print(f'elapsed: {elapsed_ms} ms'), 500, 1000, lambda: print('run beg'), lambda: print('run end')) t.start() t.wait_life_over()if __name__ == '__main__': _main()
運(yùn)行結(jié)果:
$ python src/pybind/cpp_thread_callback/tick_test.pyrun begelapsed: 0 mselapsed: 500 mselapsed: 1000 msrun end
示例代碼
tick.h tick.cc tick_test.cc tick_pb.cc tick_test.py運(yùn)行示例代碼
獲取代碼,
git clone https://github.com/ikuokuo/start-pybind11.git# 獲取子模塊cd start-pybind11/git submodule update --init
編譯安裝,
# 依賴 cmakecd start-pybind11/make install
編譯結(jié)果,
$ tree _install_install├── bin│ └── cpp_thread_callback│ └── tick_test└── lib ├── cpp_thread_callback │ ├── libtick.0.1.0.dylib │ ├── libtick.0.1.dylib -> libtick.0.1.0.dylib │ ├── libtick.dylib -> libtick.0.1.dylib │ ├── tick_pb.0.1.0.cpython-37m-darwin.so │ ├── tick_pb.0.1.cpython-37m-darwin.so -> tick_pb.0.1.0.cpython-37m-darwin.so │ └── tick_pb.cpython-37m-darwin.so -> tick_pb.0.1.cpython-37m-darwin.so └── first_steps ├── first_steps_pb.0.1.0.cpython-37m-darwin.so ├── first_steps_pb.0.1.cpython-37m-darwin.so -> first_steps_pb.0.1.0.cpython-37m-darwin.so ├── first_steps_pb.cpython-37m-darwin.so -> first_steps_pb.0.1.cpython-37m-darwin.so ├── libfirst_steps.0.1.0.dylib ├── libfirst_steps.0.1.dylib -> libfirst_steps.0.1.0.dylib └── libfirst_steps.dylib -> libfirst_steps.0.1.dylib5 directories, 13 files
添加路徑,
$ source setup.bash first_steps cpp_thread_callbackDYLD_LIBRARY_PATH, PYTHONPATH+ /Users/John/Workspace/Self/ikuokuo/start-pybind11/_install/lib/first_steps+ /Users/John/Workspace/Self/ikuokuo/start-pybind11/_install/lib/cpp_thread_callback
運(yùn)行示例,
$ python src/pybind/cpp_thread_callback/tick_test.pyrun begelapsed: 0 mselapsed: 500 mselapsed: 1000 msrun end
結(jié)語
Go coding!
總結(jié)
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