引言

從本篇文章開(kāi)始，我們將介紹 Java AQS 的實(shí)現(xiàn)方式，本文先介紹 AQS 的內(nèi)部數(shù)據(jù)是如何組織的，后面的文章中再分別介紹 AQS 的各個(gè)部門實(shí)現(xiàn)。

AQS

通過(guò)前面的介紹，大家一定看出來(lái)了，上述的各種類型的鎖和一些線程控制接口（CountDownLatch 等），最終都是通過(guò) AQS 來(lái)實(shí)現(xiàn)的，不同之處只在于 tryAcquire 等抽象函數(shù)如何實(shí)現(xiàn)。從這個(gè)角度來(lái)看，AQS(AbstractQueuedSynchronizer) 這個(gè)基類設(shè)計(jì)的真的很不錯(cuò)，能夠包容各種同步控制方案，并提供了必須的下層依賴：比如阻塞，隊(duì)列等。接下來(lái)我們就來(lái)揭開(kāi)它神秘的面紗。

內(nèi)部數(shù)據(jù)

AQS 顧名思義，就是通過(guò)隊(duì)列來(lái)組織修改互斥資源的請(qǐng)求。當(dāng)這個(gè)資源空閑時(shí)間，那么修改請(qǐng)求可以直接進(jìn)行，而當(dāng)這個(gè)資源處于鎖定狀態(tài)時(shí)，就需要等待，AQS 會(huì)將所有等待的請(qǐng)求維護(hù)在一個(gè)類似于 CLH 的隊(duì)列中。CLH：Craig、Landin and Hagersten隊(duì)列，是單向鏈表，AQS中的隊(duì)列是CLH變體的虛擬雙向隊(duì)列（FIFO），AQS是通過(guò)將每條請(qǐng)求共享資源的線程封裝成一個(gè)節(jié)點(diǎn)來(lái)實(shí)現(xiàn)鎖的分配。主要原理圖如下：

圖中的 state 是一個(gè)用 volatile 修飾的 int 變量，它的使用都是通過(guò) CAS 來(lái)進(jìn)行的，而 FIFO 隊(duì)列完成請(qǐng)求排隊(duì)的工作，隊(duì)列的操作也是通過(guò) CAS 來(lái)進(jìn)行的，正因如此該隊(duì)列的操作才能達(dá)到理想的性能要求。

通過(guò) CAS 修改 state 比較容易，大家應(yīng)該都能理解，但是如果要通過(guò) CAS 維護(hù)一個(gè)雙向隊(duì)列要怎么做呢？這里我們看一下 AQS 中 CLH 隊(duì)列的實(shí)現(xiàn)。在 AQS 中有兩個(gè)指針一個(gè)指針指向了隊(duì)列頭，一個(gè)指向了隊(duì)列尾。它們都是懶初始化的，也就是說(shuō)最初都為null。

/** * Head of the wait queue, lazily initialized. Except for * initialization, it is modified only via method setHead. Note: * If head exists, its waitStatus is guaranteed not to be * CANCELLED. */private transient volatile Node head;/** * Tail of the wait queue, lazily initialized. Modified only via * method enq to add new wait node. */private transient volatile Node tail;

隊(duì)列中的每個(gè)節(jié)點(diǎn)，都是一個(gè) Node 實(shí)例，該實(shí)例的第一個(gè)關(guān)鍵字段是 waitState，它表述了當(dāng)前節(jié)點(diǎn)所處的狀態(tài)，通過(guò) CAS 進(jìn)行修改：

SIGNAL：表示當(dāng)前節(jié)點(diǎn)承擔(dān)喚醒后繼節(jié)點(diǎn)的責(zé)任 CANCELLED：表示當(dāng)前節(jié)點(diǎn)已經(jīng)超時(shí)或者被打斷 CONDITION：表示當(dāng)前節(jié)點(diǎn)正在 Condition 上等待（通過(guò)鎖可以創(chuàng)建 Condition 對(duì)象） PROPAGATE：只會(huì)設(shè)置在 head 節(jié)點(diǎn)上，用于表明釋放共享鎖時(shí)，需要將這個(gè)行為傳播到其他節(jié)點(diǎn)上，這個(gè)我們稍后詳細(xì)介紹。

static final class Node { /** Marker to indicate a node is waiting in shared mode */ static final Node SHARED = new Node(); /** Marker to indicate a node is waiting in exclusive mode */ static final Node EXCLUSIVE = null; /** waitStatus value to indicate thread has cancelled */ static final int CANCELLED = 1; /** waitStatus value to indicate successor’s thread needs unparking */ static final int SIGNAL = -1; /** waitStatus value to indicate thread is waiting on condition */ static final int CONDITION = -2; /** * waitStatus value to indicate the next acquireShared should * unconditionally propagate */ static final int PROPAGATE = -3; /** * Status field, taking on only the values: * SIGNAL: The successor of this node is (or will soon be) * blocked (via park), so the current node must * unpark its successor when it releases or * cancels. To avoid races, acquire methods must * first indicate they need a signal, * then retry the atomic acquire, and then, * on failure, block. * CANCELLED: This node is cancelled due to timeout or interrupt. * Nodes never leave this state. In particular, * a thread with cancelled node never again blocks. * CONDITION: This node is currently on a condition queue. * It will not be used as a sync queue node * until transferred, at which time the status * will be set to 0. (Use of this value here has * nothing to do with the other uses of the * field, but simplifies mechanics.) * PROPAGATE: A releaseShared should be propagated to other * nodes. This is set (for head node only) in * doReleaseShared to ensure propagation * continues, even if other operations have * since intervened. * 0: None of the above * * The values are arranged numerically to simplify use. * Non-negative values mean that a node doesn’t need to * signal. So, most code doesn’t need to check for particular * values, just for sign. * * The field is initialized to 0 for normal sync nodes, and * CONDITION for condition nodes. It is modified using CAS * (or when possible, unconditional volatile writes). */ volatile int waitStatus; /** * Link to predecessor node that current node/thread relies on * for checking waitStatus. Assigned during enqueuing, and nulled * out (for sake of GC) only upon dequeuing. Also, upon * cancellation of a predecessor, we short-circuit while * finding a non-cancelled one, which will always exist * because the head node is never cancelled: A node becomes * head only as a result of successful acquire. A * cancelled thread never succeeds in acquiring, and a thread only * cancels itself, not any other node. */ volatile Node prev; /** * Link to the successor node that the current node/thread * unparks upon release. Assigned during enqueuing, adjusted * when bypassing cancelled predecessors, and nulled out (for * sake of GC) when dequeued. The enq operation does not * assign next field of a predecessor until after attachment, * so seeing a null next field does not necessarily mean that * node is at end of queue. However, if a next field appears * to be null, we can scan prev’s from the tail to * double-check. The next field of cancelled nodes is set to * point to the node itself instead of null, to make life * easier for isOnSyncQueue. */ volatile Node next; /** * The thread that enqueued this node. Initialized on * construction and nulled out after use. */ volatile Thread thread; /** * Link to next node waiting on condition, or the special * value SHARED. Because condition queues are accessed only * when holding in exclusive mode, we just need a simple * linked queue to hold nodes while they are waiting on * conditions. They are then transferred to the queue to * re-acquire. And because conditions can only be exclusive, * we save a field by using special value to indicate shared * mode. */ Node nextWaiter; /** * Returns true if node is waiting in shared mode. */ final boolean isShared() {return nextWaiter == SHARED; } //...}

因?yàn)槭请p向隊(duì)列，所以 Node 實(shí)例中勢(shì)必有 prev 和 next 指針，此外 Node 中還會(huì)保存與其對(duì)應(yīng)的線程。最后是 nextWaiter，當(dāng)一個(gè)節(jié)點(diǎn)對(duì)應(yīng)了共享請(qǐng)求時(shí)，nextWaiter 指向了 Node. SHARED 而當(dāng)一個(gè)節(jié)點(diǎn)是排他請(qǐng)求時(shí)，nextWaiter 默認(rèn)指向了 Node. EXCLUSIVE 也就是 null。我們知道 AQS 也提供了 Condition 功能，該功能就是通過(guò) nextWaiter 來(lái)維護(hù)在 Condition 上等待的線程。也就是說(shuō)這里的 nextWaiter 在鎖的實(shí)現(xiàn)部分中，扮演者共享鎖和排它鎖的標(biāo)志位，而在條件等待隊(duì)列中，充當(dāng)鏈表的 next 指針。

同步隊(duì)列

接下來(lái)，我們由最常見(jiàn)的入隊(duì)操作出發(fā)，介紹 AQS 框架的實(shí)現(xiàn)與使用。從下面的代碼中可以看到入隊(duì)操作支持兩種模式，一種是排他模式，一種是共享模式，分別對(duì)應(yīng)了排它鎖場(chǎng)景和共享鎖場(chǎng)景。

當(dāng)任意一種請(qǐng)求，要入隊(duì)時(shí)，先會(huì)構(gòu)建一個(gè) Node 實(shí)例，然后獲取當(dāng)前 AQS 隊(duì)列的尾結(jié)點(diǎn)，如果尾結(jié)點(diǎn)為空，就是說(shuō)隊(duì)列還沒(méi)初始化，初始化過(guò)程在后面 enq 函數(shù)中實(shí)現(xiàn) 這里我們先看初始化之后的情況，即 tail != null，先將當(dāng)前 Node 的前向指針 prev 更新，然后通過(guò) CAS 將尾結(jié)點(diǎn)修改為當(dāng)前 Node，修改成功時(shí)，再更新前一個(gè)節(jié)點(diǎn)的后向指針 next，因?yàn)橹挥行薷奈仓羔樳^(guò)程是原子的，所以這里會(huì)出現(xiàn)新插入一個(gè)節(jié)點(diǎn)時(shí)，之前的尾節(jié)點(diǎn) previousTail 的 next 指針為null的情況，也就是說(shuō)會(huì)存在短暫的正向指針和反向指針不同步的情況，不過(guò)在后面的介紹中，你會(huì)發(fā)現(xiàn) AQS 很完備地避開(kāi)了這種不同步帶來(lái)的風(fēng)險(xiǎn)（通過(guò)從后往前遍歷） 如果上述操作成功，則當(dāng)前線程已經(jīng)進(jìn)入同步隊(duì)列，否則，可能存在多個(gè)線程的競(jìng)爭(zhēng)，其他線程設(shè)置尾結(jié)點(diǎn)成功了，而當(dāng)前線程失敗了，這時(shí)候會(huì)和尾結(jié)點(diǎn)未初始化一樣進(jìn)入 enq 函數(shù)中。

/** * Creates and enqueues node for current thread and given mode. * * @param mode Node.EXCLUSIVE for exclusive, Node.SHARED for shared * @return the new node */private Node addWaiter(Node mode) { Node node = new Node(Thread.currentThread(), mode); // Try the fast path of enq; backup to full enq on failure Node pred = tail; if (pred != null) {// 已經(jīng)進(jìn)行了初始化node.prev = pred;// CAS 修改尾節(jié)點(diǎn)if (compareAndSetTail(pred, node)) { // 成功之后再修改后向指針 pred.next = node; return node;} } // 循環(huán) CAS 過(guò)程和初始化過(guò)程 enq(node); return node;}

正常通過(guò) CAS 修改數(shù)據(jù)都會(huì)在一個(gè)循環(huán)中進(jìn)行，而這里的 addWaiter 只是在一個(gè) if 中進(jìn)行，這是為什么呢？實(shí)際上，大家看到的 addWaiter 的這部分 CAS 過(guò)程是一個(gè)快速執(zhí)行線，在沒(méi)有競(jìng)爭(zhēng)時(shí)，這種方式能省略不少判斷過(guò)程。當(dāng)發(fā)生競(jìng)爭(zhēng)時(shí)，會(huì)進(jìn)入 enq 函數(shù)中，那里才是循環(huán) CAS 的地方。

整個(gè) enq 的工作在一個(gè)循環(huán)中進(jìn)行 先會(huì)檢查是否未進(jìn)行初始化，是的話，就設(shè)置一個(gè)虛擬節(jié)點(diǎn) Node 作為 head 和 tail，也就是說(shuō)同步隊(duì)列的第一個(gè)節(jié)點(diǎn)并不保存實(shí)際數(shù)據(jù)，只是一個(gè)保存指針的地方 初始化完成后，通過(guò) CAS 修改尾節(jié)點(diǎn)，直到修改成功為止，最后修復(fù)后向指針

/** * Inserts node into queue, initializing if necessary. See picture above. * @param node the node to insert * @return node’s predecessor */private Node enq(final Node node) { for (;;) {// 在一個(gè)循環(huán)中進(jìn)行 CAS 操作Node t = tail;if (t == null) { // Must initialize if (compareAndSetHead(new Node()))tail = head;} else { node.prev = t; // CAS 修改尾節(jié)點(diǎn) if (compareAndSetTail(t, node)) {// 成功之后再修改后向指針t.next = node;return t; }}

以上就是通過(guò)AQS實(shí)現(xiàn)數(shù)據(jù)組織的詳細(xì)內(nèi)容，更多關(guān)于AQS數(shù)據(jù)組織的資料請(qǐng)關(guān)注好吧啦網(wǎng)其它相關(guān)文章！