抽象語法表示（標記）ASN.1（Abstract Syntax Notation One ）一種數據定義語言，描述了對數據進行表示、編碼、傳輸和解碼的數據格式。網絡管理系統中的管理信息庫（MIB)、應用程序的數據結構、協議數據單元(PDU)都是用ASN.1定義的。

可以理解為ASN.1是對密鑰結構定義的一種規范

RSAPublicKey ::= SEQUENCE { modulus INTEGER, -- n publicExponent INTEGER -- e}RSAPrivateKey ::= SEQUENCE { version Version, modulus INTEGER, -- n publicExponent INTEGER, -- e privateExponent INTEGER, -- d prime1 INTEGER, -- p prime2 INTEGER, -- q exponent1 INTEGER, -- d mod (p-1) exponent2 INTEGER, -- d mod (q-1) coefficient INTEGER, -- (inverse of q) mod p otherPrimeInfos OtherPrimeInfos OPTIONAL}PKCS#8

PublicKeyInfo ::= SEQUENCE { algorithm AlgorithmIdentifier, PublicKey BIT STRING ; 其中的BIT STRING是某個算法自己指定的二進制格式 ; RSA算法的話，就是上面的RSAPublicKey}AlgorithmIdentifier ::= SEQUENCE { algorithm OBJECT IDENTIFIER, parameters ANY DEFINED BY algorithm OPTIONAL}PrivateKeyInfo ::= SEQUENCE { version Version, algorithm AlgorithmIdentifier, PrivateKey BIT STRING}AlgorithmIdentifier ::= SEQUENCE { algorithm OBJECT IDENTIFIER, parameters ANY DEFINED BY algorithm OPTIONAL}密鑰編碼類型der格式

二進制格式

把der格式的數據用base64編碼后，然后再在頭尾加上一段“-----”開始的標記

X.509只包含公鑰，沒有私鑰，這種證書一般公開發布，可用于放在客服端使用，用于加密、驗簽

因為X.509證書只包含公鑰，但有些時候我們需要把私鑰和公鑰合并成一個證書，放在服務端使用，用于解密、簽名。

PKCS#12就定義了這樣一種證書，它既包含了公鑰有包含了私鑰。典型的入pfx、p12證書就是PKCS#12證書。

當你收到一個網站的證書后，你需要驗證其真實性。因為一個X.509證書包含了公鑰、持有人信息、簽名。為了驗證其真實性，你需要簽證其簽名，而驗證簽名則需要簽發的CA機構的公鑰證書。同樣原理，當你拿到CA機構的公鑰證書后，你也需要驗證該CA機構的真實性，而驗證該CA機構的證書，你需要該CA上級機構的CA公鑰證書...以此類推，你需要一直驗證到根證書為止。所以為了驗證一個網站證書的真實性，你需要的不僅一張證書，而是一個證書鏈。而PKCS#7就定義了這樣一個證書鏈的類型結構。典型如p7b后綴名的證書就是這樣的格式。

.cer/.crt：存放公鑰，沒有私鑰，就是一個X.509證書,二進制形式存放

.pfx/.p12：存放公鑰和私鑰，通常包含保護密碼，二進制方式

數字證書和私鑰是匹配的關系。就好比鑰匙牌和鑰匙的關系。在數字證書簽發的時候，數字證書簽發系統（CA系統），在生成數字證書的同時，還會隨機生成一對密鑰，一個私鑰，一個公鑰。數字證書標示用戶身份， 相匹配的私鑰和公鑰，則是用來保障用戶身份的可認證性。就好比咱們拿著一串鑰匙，每個鑰匙上都標明有時某某房間的鑰匙，但是否是真的，還需要看能不能打開相應的房門。

/// <summary> /// 取得私鑰和公鑰 XML 格式,返回數組第一個是私鑰,第二個是公鑰. /// </summary> /// <param name='size'>密鑰長度,默認1024,可以為2048</param> /// <returns></returns> public static string[] CreateXmlKey(int size = 1024) { //密鑰格式要生成pkcs#1格式的 而不是pkcs#8格式的 RSACryptoServiceProvider sp = new RSACryptoServiceProvider(size); string privateKey = sp.ToXmlString(true);//private key string publicKey = sp.ToXmlString(false);//public key return new string[] { privateKey, publicKey }; } /// <summary> /// 取得私鑰和公鑰 CspBlob 格式,返回數組第一個是私鑰,第二個是公鑰. /// </summary> /// <param name='size'></param> /// <returns></returns> public static string[] CreateCspBlobKey(int size = 1024) { //密鑰格式要生成pkcs#1格式的 而不是pkcs#8格式的 RSACryptoServiceProvider sp = new RSACryptoServiceProvider(size); string privateKey = System.Convert.ToBase64String(sp.ExportCspBlob(true));//private key string publicKey = System.Convert.ToBase64String(sp.ExportCspBlob(false));//public key return new string[] { privateKey, publicKey }; } /// <summary> /// 導出PEM PKCS#1格式密鑰對，返回數組第一個是私鑰,第二個是公鑰. /// </summary> public static string[] CreateKey_PEM_PKCS1(int size = 1024) { RSACryptoServiceProvider rsa = new RSACryptoServiceProvider(size); string privateKey = RSA_PEM.ToPEM(rsa, false, false); string publicKey = RSA_PEM.ToPEM(rsa, true, false); return new string[] { privateKey, publicKey }; } /// <summary> /// 導出PEM PKCS#8格式密鑰對，返回數組第一個是私鑰,第二個是公鑰. /// </summary> public static string[] CreateKey_PEM_PKCS8(int size = 1024, bool convertToPublic = false) { RSACryptoServiceProvider rsa = new RSACryptoServiceProvider(size); string privateKey = RSA_PEM.ToPEM(rsa, false, true); string publicKey = RSA_PEM.ToPEM(rsa, true, true); return new string[] { privateKey, publicKey }; }后端加/解密方法使用

/// <summary> /// RSA加密 /// </summary> /// <param name='Data'>原文</param> /// <param name='PublicKeyString'>公鑰</param> /// <param name='KeyType'>密鑰類型XML/PEM</param> /// <returns></returns> public static string RSAEncrypt(string Data,string PublicKeyString,string KeyType) { byte[] data = Encoding.GetEncoding('UTF-8').GetBytes(Data); RSACryptoServiceProvider rsa = new RSACryptoServiceProvider(); switch (KeyType) {case 'XML': rsa.FromXmlString(PublicKeyString); break;case 'PEM': rsa = RSA_PEM.FromPEM(PublicKeyString); break;default: throw new Exception('不支持的密鑰類型'); } //加密塊最大長度限制，如果加密數據的長度超過 秘鑰長度/8-11，會引發長度不正確的異常，所以進行數據的分塊加密 int MaxBlockSize = rsa.KeySize / 8 - 11; //正常長度 if (data.Length <= MaxBlockSize) {byte[] hashvalueEcy = rsa.Encrypt(data, false); //加密return System.Convert.ToBase64String(hashvalueEcy); } //長度超過正常值 else {using (MemoryStream PlaiStream = new MemoryStream(data))using (MemoryStream CrypStream = new MemoryStream()){ Byte[] Buffer = new Byte[MaxBlockSize]; int BlockSize = PlaiStream.Read(Buffer, 0, MaxBlockSize); while (BlockSize > 0) { Byte[] ToEncrypt = new Byte[BlockSize]; Array.Copy(Buffer, 0, ToEncrypt, 0, BlockSize); Byte[] Cryptograph = rsa.Encrypt(ToEncrypt, false); CrypStream.Write(Cryptograph, 0, Cryptograph.Length); BlockSize = PlaiStream.Read(Buffer, 0, MaxBlockSize); } return System.Convert.ToBase64String(CrypStream.ToArray(), Base64FormattingOptions.None);} } } /// <summary> /// RSA解密 /// </summary> /// <param name='Data'>密文</param> /// <param name='PrivateKeyString'>私鑰</param> /// <param name='KeyType'>密鑰類型XML/PEM</param> /// <returns></returns> public static string RSADecrypt(string Data,string PrivateKeyString, string KeyType) { RSACryptoServiceProvider rsa = new RSACryptoServiceProvider(); switch (KeyType) {case 'XML': rsa.FromXmlString(PrivateKeyString); break;case 'PEM': rsa = RSA_PEM.FromPEM(PrivateKeyString); break;default: throw new Exception('不支持的密鑰類型'); } int MaxBlockSize = rsa.KeySize / 8; //解密塊最大長度限制 //正常解密 if (Data.Length <= MaxBlockSize) {byte[] hashvalueDcy = rsa.Decrypt(System.Convert.FromBase64String(Data), false);//解密return Encoding.GetEncoding('UTF-8').GetString(hashvalueDcy); } //分段解密 else {using (MemoryStream CrypStream = new MemoryStream(System.Convert.FromBase64String(Data)))using (MemoryStream PlaiStream = new MemoryStream()){ Byte[] Buffer = new Byte[MaxBlockSize]; int BlockSize = CrypStream.Read(Buffer, 0, MaxBlockSize); while (BlockSize > 0) { Byte[] ToDecrypt = new Byte[BlockSize]; Array.Copy(Buffer, 0, ToDecrypt, 0, BlockSize); Byte[] Plaintext = rsa.Decrypt(ToDecrypt, false); PlaiStream.Write(Plaintext, 0, Plaintext.Length); BlockSize = CrypStream.Read(Buffer, 0, MaxBlockSize); } string output = Encoding.GetEncoding('UTF-8').GetString(PlaiStream.ToArray()); return output;} } }前端加密方法

注：jsencrypt默認PKCS#1結構，生成密鑰時需要注意

<script src='http://passport.cnblogs.com/scripts/jsencrypt.min.js'></script> var encryptor = new JSEncrypt() // 創建加密對象實例 //之前ssl生成的公鑰，復制的時候要小心不要有空格 var pubKey = ’-----BEGIN PUBLIC KEY-----MIGfMA0GCSqGSIb3DQEBAQUAA4GNADCBiQKBgQC1QQRl0HlrVv6kGqhgonD6A9SU6ZJpnEN+Q0blT/ue6Ndt97WRfxtS’+ ’As0QoquTreaDtfC4RRX4o+CU6BTuHLUm+eSvxZS9TzbwoYZq7ObbQAZAY+SYDgAA5PHf1wNN20dGMFFgVS/y0ZWvv1UNa2laEz0I8Vmr5ZlzIn88GkmSiQIDAQAB-----END PUBLIC KEY-----’ encryptor.setPublicKey(pubKey)//設置公鑰 var rsaPassWord = encryptor.encrypt(’要加密的內容’) // 對內容進行加密c#pem格式轉換

注：c#的RSACryptoServiceProvider默認只支持xml格式的密鑰解析

public class RSA_Unit { static public string Base64EncodeBytes(byte[] byts) { return System.Convert.ToBase64String(byts); } static public byte[] Base64DecodeBytes(string str) { try {return System.Convert.FromBase64String(str); } catch {return null; } } /// <summary> /// 把字符串按每行多少個字斷行 /// </summary> static public string TextBreak(string text, int line) { var idx = 0; var len = text.Length; var str = new StringBuilder(); while (idx < len) {if (idx > 0){ str.Append(’n’);}if (idx + line >= len){ str.Append(text.Substring(idx));}else{ str.Append(text.Substring(idx, line));}idx += line; } return str.ToString(); } } static public class Extensions { /// <summary> /// 從數組start開始到指定長度復制一份 /// </summary> static public T[] sub<T>(this T[] arr, int start, int count) { T[] val = new T[count]; for (var i = 0; i < count; i++) {val[i] = arr[start + i]; } return val; } static public void writeAll(this Stream stream, byte[] byts) { stream.Write(byts, 0, byts.Length); } }點擊并拖拽以移動 public class RSA_PEM { public static RSACryptoServiceProvider FromPEM(string pem) { var rsaParams = new CspParameters(); rsaParams.Flags = CspProviderFlags.UseMachineKeyStore; var rsa = new RSACryptoServiceProvider(rsaParams); var param = new RSAParameters(); var base64 = _PEMCode.Replace(pem, ''); var data = RSA_Unit.Base64DecodeBytes(base64); if (data == null) {throw new Exception('PEM內容無效'); } var idx = 0; //讀取長度 Func<byte, int> readLen = (first) => {if (data[idx] == first){ idx++; if (data[idx] == 0x81) { idx++; return data[idx++]; } else if (data[idx] == 0x82) { idx++; return (((int)data[idx++]) << 8) + data[idx++]; } else if (data[idx] < 0x80) { return data[idx++]; }}throw new Exception('PEM未能提取到數據'); }; //讀取塊數據 Func<byte[]> readBlock = () => {var len = readLen(0x02);if (data[idx] == 0x00){ idx++; len--;}var val = data.sub(idx, len);idx += len;return val; }; //比較data從idx位置開始是否是byts內容 Func<byte[], bool> eq = (byts) => {for (var i = 0; i < byts.Length; i++, idx++){ if (idx >= data.Length) { return false; } if (byts[i] != data[idx]) { return false; }}return true; }; if (pem.Contains('PUBLIC KEY')) {/****使用公鑰****///讀取數據總長度readLen(0x30);if (!eq(_SeqOID)){ throw new Exception('PEM未知格式');}//讀取1長度readLen(0x03);idx++;//跳過0x00 //讀取2長度readLen(0x30);//Modulusparam.Modulus = readBlock();//Exponentparam.Exponent = readBlock(); } else if (pem.Contains('PRIVATE KEY')) {/****使用私鑰****///讀取數據總長度readLen(0x30);//讀取版本號if (!eq(_Ver)){ throw new Exception('PEM未知版本');}//檢測PKCS8var idx2 = idx;if (eq(_SeqOID)){ //讀取1長度 readLen(0x04); //讀取2長度 readLen(0x30); //讀取版本號 if (!eq(_Ver)) { throw new Exception('PEM版本無效'); }}else{ idx = idx2;}//讀取數據param.Modulus = readBlock();param.Exponent = readBlock();param.D = readBlock();param.P = readBlock();param.Q = readBlock();param.DP = readBlock();param.DQ = readBlock();param.InverseQ = readBlock(); } else {throw new Exception('pem需要BEGIN END標頭'); } rsa.ImportParameters(param); return rsa; } static private Regex _PEMCode = new Regex(@'--+.+?--+|s+'); static private byte[] _SeqOID = new byte[] { 0x30, 0x0D, 0x06, 0x09, 0x2A, 0x86, 0x48, 0x86, 0xF7, 0x0D, 0x01, 0x01, 0x01, 0x05, 0x00 }; static private byte[] _Ver = new byte[] { 0x02, 0x01, 0x00 }; /// <summary> /// 將RSA中的密鑰對轉換成PEM格式，usePKCS8=false時返回PKCS#1格式，否則返回PKCS#8格式，如果convertToPublic含私鑰的RSA將只返回公鑰，僅含公鑰的RSA不受影響 /// </summary> public static string ToPEM(RSACryptoServiceProvider rsa, bool convertToPublic, bool usePKCS8) { //https://www.jianshu.com/p/25803dd9527d //https://www.cnblogs.com/ylz8401/p/8443819.html //https://blog.csdn.net/jiayanhui2877/article/details/47187077 //https://blog.csdn.net/xuanshao_/article/details/51679824 //https://blog.csdn.net/xuanshao_/article/details/51672547 var ms = new MemoryStream(); //寫入一個長度字節碼 Action<int> writeLenByte = (len) => {if (len < 0x80){ ms.WriteByte((byte)len);}else if (len <= 0xff){ ms.WriteByte(0x81); ms.WriteByte((byte)len);}else{ ms.WriteByte(0x82); ms.WriteByte((byte)(len >> 8 & 0xff)); ms.WriteByte((byte)(len & 0xff));} }; //寫入一塊數據 Action<byte[]> writeBlock = (byts) => {var addZero = (byts[0] >> 4) >= 0x8;ms.WriteByte(0x02);var len = byts.Length + (addZero ? 1 : 0);writeLenByte(len);if (addZero){ ms.WriteByte(0x00);}ms.Write(byts, 0, byts.Length); }; //根據后續內容長度寫入長度數據 Func<int, byte[], byte[]> writeLen = (index, byts) => {var len = byts.Length - index;ms.SetLength(0);ms.Write(byts, 0, index);writeLenByte(len);ms.Write(byts, index, len);return ms.ToArray(); }; if (rsa.PublicOnly || convertToPublic) {/****生成公鑰****/var param = rsa.ExportParameters(false);//寫入總字節數，不含本段長度，額外需要24字節的頭，后續計算好填入ms.WriteByte(0x30);var index1 = (int)ms.Length;//固定內容// encoded OID sequence for PKCS #1 rsaEncryption szOID_RSA_RSA = '1.2.840.113549.1.1.1'ms.writeAll(_SeqOID);//從0x00開始的后續長度ms.WriteByte(0x03);var index2 = (int)ms.Length;ms.WriteByte(0x00);//后續內容長度ms.WriteByte(0x30);var index3 = (int)ms.Length;//寫入ModuluswriteBlock(param.Modulus);//寫入ExponentwriteBlock(param.Exponent);//計算空缺的長度var byts = ms.ToArray();byts = writeLen(index3, byts);byts = writeLen(index2, byts);byts = writeLen(index1, byts);return '-----BEGIN PUBLIC KEY-----n' + RSA_Unit.TextBreak(RSA_Unit.Base64EncodeBytes(byts), 64) + 'n-----END PUBLIC KEY-----'; } else {/****生成私鑰****/var param = rsa.ExportParameters(true);//寫入總字節數，后續寫入ms.WriteByte(0x30);int index1 = (int)ms.Length;//寫入版本號ms.writeAll(_Ver);//PKCS8 多一段數據int index2 = -1, index3 = -1;if (usePKCS8){ //固定內容 ms.writeAll(_SeqOID); //后續內容長度 ms.WriteByte(0x04); index2 = (int)ms.Length; //后續內容長度 ms.WriteByte(0x30); index3 = (int)ms.Length; //寫入版本號 ms.writeAll(_Ver);}//寫入數據writeBlock(param.Modulus);writeBlock(param.Exponent);writeBlock(param.D);writeBlock(param.P);writeBlock(param.Q);writeBlock(param.DP);writeBlock(param.DQ);writeBlock(param.InverseQ);//計算空缺的長度var byts = ms.ToArray();if (index2 != -1){ byts = writeLen(index3, byts); byts = writeLen(index2, byts);}byts = writeLen(index1, byts);var flag = ' PRIVATE KEY';if (!usePKCS8){ flag = ' RSA' + flag;}return '-----BEGIN' + flag + '-----n' + RSA_Unit.TextBreak(RSA_Unit.Base64EncodeBytes(byts), 64) + 'n-----END' + flag + '-----'; } } }

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